Where dogs need to be confined outdoors, the best way to do this is in a suitable yard or enclosure. Where these options are not available, some people choose to tether their dogs. This practice is particularly common for working farm and sled dogs. Not to be confused with short-term tying up, tethering involves tying an animal to an anchor point for a prolonged period as a means of confinement. Due to the risks of tethering, it should be avoided as a means of long-term confinement, and only used in the short term and in an appropriate way that minimises the risks.
Where dogs need to be securely restrained temporarily, a well-designed and situated tether using safe equipment can be used in appropriate conditions. Tethered animals should not be left unsupervised, and all reasonable steps must be taken to ensure that the tethering does not cause injury, pain, suffering, or distress and that the dog’s welfare and community safety are protected.
Animal welfare risks
Tethering does not provide an environment that meets dogs’ mental and physical needs. Tethered animals are at risk of overly restricted movement, frustration, stress, distress, severe behavioural issues, painful injuries, choking, entanglement, exposure to the elements and potential predation, and inhibition of the animal’s ability to avoid threats, express natural behaviours, and experience positive welfare.
Key considerations if a decision is made to tether a dog
Note that in some jurisdictions there is specific legislation relating to the tethering of dogs (which must be complied with), including for example exercise requirements and whether specific groups of animals can be tethered (some animals are more vulnerable such as young or pregnant animals). Check the legislation in your state or territory for more information.
Essential needs
All tethered dogs must be provided with a comfortable resting area, adequate food, water and shelter (protection from heat, cold, sun, wind, rain etc), and opportunities for mental stimulation (such as safe food or puzzle toys).
Exercise
When dogs are tethered for longer periods (more than a few hours), they must be provided with regular and adequate exercise off the tether.
Public safety
Tethering of dogs may increase the public safety risks of dog bites and attacks. Long term tethering with no exercise has been shown to increase frustration and aggressive behaviour towards people and other dogs[1].
Time
To minimise the animal welfare risks of tethering, the length of time a dog is tethered should always be minimised.
Training
A dog must be trained to accept tethering before being left alone on a tether.
Relevant requirements
Tethering of dogs must comply with any relevant state/territory and local laws, regulations, standards, and codes of practice.
Supervision
Tethered animals require adequate supervision. They must be inspected regularly and even more frequently in extreme weather.
Tether design
If dogs are to be tethered, swivel tethers on fixed runners reduce the risk of entanglement and injury. Metal tethers (of the appropriate weight) provide greater security compared to rope and other materials which may fray, break or tangle.
Tethering site
A tethering site should be reasonably flat, dry, sheltered, and be clear of hazards, obstacles and obstructions. Dogs can choke if the tether becomes tangled or be hung if they jump over or off obstacles while tethered.
Weather
Dogs have died when left tethered during natural disasters, and on hot days without adequate shade and water. Climate change will likely increase the risk of tethering as extreme weather becomes more widespread and frequent.
Reference
[1] White, J., McBride, E., & Redhead, E. (2006). Comparison of tethering and group-pen housing for sled dogs. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Conference, London, UK.
